桥雅思10写作：Test1雅思写作task2真题+范文

　   剑桥雅思真题10Test1-雅思写作Task2范文及解析

　　It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behaviour to children?

　　这里新航道雅思辅导班教研组提供了两篇观点不同的参考范文，今天介绍篇。

　　a)题目分析，包括写作中需要讨论的观点以及考生可能对题目产生的错误理解。

　　考生需要阐释为什么儿童应该学会分辨是非——这就要求考生自己去判别对与错的概念。另外，考生需要解释惩罚孩子背后的用意，以及为什么考生认为这是必要的或不必要的。这个问题还要求考生举出一个具体情景中的惩罚例子，并说明其缘由。

　　参考范文1——惩罚的必要性及可行的体罚方式

　　In this essay, I will explore the necessity of punishment for children in learning right and wrong and the various means of punishment which may be employed to meet this end.

　　To begin, it is perhaps prudent to point out that standards of right and wrong are almost entirely arbitrary and may differ wildly from culture to culture. For example, a child urinating or defecating on the street is frowned upon in most western countries, but seemingly tolerated, it not encouraged, in China. Further, one con extend this argument to encompass even such apparently inviolable taboos as murder or rape when considering societies such as Afghanistan or Papua New Guinea (where revenge killings form a strong backbone of tribal networks) or South Africa (where “corrective rape” is a widely accepted remedy to homosexuality in females). Also, it is worth pointing out that the very concept of punishing a child is considered “wrong” in certain progressive circles in the west, making the thesis somewhat ironic.

　　Regardless, punishments of various forms can, have and will almost certainly continue to play a major role in forming a child’s conception of the world and the rules by which a society must abide. To argue that punishment is an effective way of learning rules is. in itself, fairly straightforward. The child does something wrong, is punished cither through physical means or the denial of something valuable to the child (a favourite toy, the right to watch television, free time etc) and through repeated lessons the child learns, like Pavlov’s dogs, that performing the unwanted act will almost certainly result in a predictable outcome - discomfort in this case. However, the question asks whether this is necessary, and I would argue that it is not.

　　The method outlined above is an example of negative reinforcement and conceptualises the child as a kind of learning machine, one which must be fed stimuli in order to make sense of the external world. In effect, it negates the child’s own abilities to self-reflect and empathise with others. As Jean Piaget has demonstrated, children can, if provided with enough guidance from a suitably patient adult, come to understand the consequences of their actions from a purely theoretical viewpoint - to put themselves in someone else’s shoes - and thus internalise the reason why their actions are wrong rather than viewing it as something they want to do. but will be punished for.

　　As for the punishments parents and teachers should be allowed to use, the answer depends upon the culture, the teacher, the parent, the child and the social norm being broken. Each circumstance will be different, and will call for a different approach - as such, the question asked without context is essentially meaningless. However, I would state that for a child persistently using a smartphone to post inane statements on Wechat during class, waterboarding would be an acceptable punishment.

　　(495 words)

　　在这篇文章中，我将阐述惩罚对于孩子明辨是非的重要性，以及为实现这一目的而采取的多种惩罚方式。

　　首先，也许需要慎重指出的是，判断对错的标准几乎完全是主观且随意的，它会因文化的不同而存在很大差异。例如，在大多数西方，孩子在街上大小便会受到指责;但在中国这似乎可以忍受，尽管不被鼓励。同样，也可以将该论点扩展到一些显然神圣不可侵犯的禁忌当中，例如像阿富汗或巴布亚新几内亚或南非发生的谋杀或强奸案——在巴布亚新几内亚，复仇杀戮形成了部落间联盟的强大支撑;而在南非，“矫正性强奸”被普遍认为能够治疗女同性恋者。而且，值得指出的是，惩罚孩子这一概念本身在西方特定的进步人士看来即为“错误”，这使得此篇议论文多少有些讽刺意味。

　　无论如何，多种形式的惩罚能够、已经并且将来肯定还会继续发挥主要作用，从而塑造孩子的世界观，形成社会必须遵守的法则。想要论证“惩罚是学习法则的有效方式”，从其自身来说，直观。孩子犯了错误，就会受到体罚或者无法得到一些重要的东西(如最喜爱的玩具、看电视或自由玩耍的权利等)，并通过反复教育使其吸取教训。正如巴甫洛夫的狗一样，做出不当的行为肯定会引发的可以预见的后果，且这种结果往往并不美好。然而，对于这类惩罚是否必要这个问题，我的答案是否定的。

　　上文描述的方式是负强化的一个例证，它把孩子当成一种学习机器——孩子必须接受刺激才能理解外部世界。结果，这否定了孩子的自省能力及理解他人的能力。正如Jean Piaget所说，如果一个足够耐心的成年人能提供充分的指导，那么孩子便能从纯理论的视角理解自身的行为后果——设身处地地为他人着想——从而把自身行为之所以是“错误”的原因内化吸收，而不是把它当成自己想做，却会因此受罚的事。

　　至于家长和老师能采用什么样的惩罚方式，答案取决于文化、老师、家长、儿童以及正在被打破的社会准则。境况不同，采取的方式也会不同。因此，不设情景的提问是毫无意义的。但是，我想说，对于一个一直在课堂上使用智能手机发送无聊微信的学生，“水刑”是可行的惩罚方式。