剑桥雅思7阅读：Test3雅思阅读PASSAGE 3真题+答案+解析

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should 'spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27- 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3below.

　　Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage.The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a halfhas led to an increasing awareness and understanding of theserious imbalances which threaten them. European countriesare becoming increasingly concerned by major threats toEuropean forests, threats which know no frontiers other thanthose of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration,the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even themismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. Therehas been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get

　　together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first MinisterialConference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries fromboth Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of thedestruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European researchprograms on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken attwo meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems ofconcern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action.Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean orthe Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future theywill be ignored.

　　As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic andrecreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forestsproduce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus ulili what for humans is theessential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide rawmaterials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, theyoffer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area offreedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking.The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was thefirst fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becomingmore and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage tothe forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.

　　The myth of the 'natural forest has survived, yet there are efetively no remaining 'primary' forestsin Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man forthousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiersand generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in theforests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on sucha scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in anyecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effectsof unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.

　　That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forestdedline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree'sneedles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of anumber of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen andsulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probablyaccentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soilacidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preservethe genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of treespecies or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affectall of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the thirdresolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank onthe subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would becomegenerally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountainforests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and ismost at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities,particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposeddevelopments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolutionrelaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilvashould support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemicalaspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financialsupport for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established theframework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involveharmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority researchtopics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to providefor the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between governmentrepresentatives with responsibility for forests.

　　READING PASSAGE 3 翻译

　　根据下面的阅读文章，你应该花大约20分钟回答27- 40题。

　　森林是我们自然遗产的主要组成部分之一。在过去的十五年里，欧洲森林面积的减少使得人们对威胁森林的严重不平衡现象有了越来越多的认识和了解。欧洲正日益关注对欧洲森林的重大威胁，这些威胁除了地理或气候之外没有国界:空气污染、土壤恶化、森林火灾的增加，有时甚至是对我们的林地和森林遗产的管理不善。人们越来越认识到各国需要得到

　　共同协调各自的政策。1990年12月，斯特拉斯堡主办了届欧洲森林保护部长级会议。来自西欧和东欧的31个参加了这次会议。讨论的主题包括森林破坏的协调研究，以及如何扑灭森林火灾，以及欧洲森林生态系统研究项目的扩展。会议的筹备工作是在两次会议上进行的。他们的首要任务是决定在欧洲所关注的许多森林问题中，哪一个涉及的最多，可以作为联合行动的主题。因此，那些限于特定地理区域的，例如地中海沿岸或北欧，必须予以抛弃。然而，这并不意味着在未来它们将被忽视。

　　作为一个整体，欧洲认为森林具有三重功能:生物功能，经济功能和娱乐功能。是为我们的地球充当“绿肺”;通过光合作用，森林通过太阳能转化产生氧气，这样乌利利对人类来说是一个巨大的、无污染的发电厂的基本作用。与此同时，森林通过不断更新的木材生产为人类活动提供了原材料。最后，他们为那些被迫每周在城市环境中度过五天的人提供一个无与伦比的自由空间，让他们放松，并参加一系列的休闲活动，如打猎、骑马和徒步旅行。自从人类以木材为燃料以来，人们就已经认识到森林在经济上的重要性。其他方面仅被认识了几个世纪，但它们正变得越来越重要。因此，整个欧洲都真正关注森林环境受到的破坏，这种破坏威胁到这三个基本角色。

　　关于“天然森林”的神话幸存了下来，但是在欧洲已经没有剩下的“原始”森林了。欧洲所有的森林都是人工的，已经被人类改造和开发了几千年。这意味着，森林政策是至关重要的，它必须超越国界和几代人，必须考虑到森林、需求和政策中发生的不可避免的变化。斯特拉斯堡会议是这样规模的会议中最早得出这一结论的会议之一。一项一般性声明称，“在任何生态连贯的森林政策中，必须把随着时间的推移的连续性和不可预见事件可能产生的影响放在中心位置，以确保这些森林的全部潜力得到保持”。

　　该《一般性宣言》还附有六项协助决策的详细决议。个建议将监测点扩展并系统化，以监测森林线。人们对森林的减少仍然知之甚少，但它导致了树木针叶或树叶的大量损失。整个大陆和大多数物种现在都受到了影响:大约30%到50%的树木种群受到了影响。这种状况似乎是许多因素累积作用的结果，其中大气污染物是罪魁祸首。氮和二氧化硫的化合物应特别密切关注。然而，气候因素(如干旱和严冬)或土壤不平衡(如土壤酸化)可能会加重它们的影响，后者会损害根系。第二个决议集中于保护欧洲森林遗传多样性的必要性。这样做的目的是扭转树木数量减少的趋势，或者至少保存所有树木的“遗传物质”。虽然森林火灾对欧洲的影响不像欧洲那样大，但森林火灾造成的损失使们提出了第三项决议，即斯特拉斯堡会议考虑建立一个欧洲关于这一主题的数据库。用于制定预防政策的所有信息将普遍可用。部长们讨论的第四项决议的主题是山区森林。在欧洲，无疑是山区生态系统变化最迅速、多样性

　　师资点题剑桥雅思7阅读：

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　文章结构

　　体 裁：说明文

　　主 题：欧洲意识到保护森林的重要性，并举办大会通过具体相关决议

　　段落概括

　　段欧洲森林面对危机，概述人们召开大会讨论如何协作保护森林。

　　第二段森林对人类的重要作用。

　　第三段大会注意采取的相关保护政策须注意保护森林的自然特性。

　　第四段大会讨论的六项具体决议。