剑桥雅思9阅读：Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE1真题+答案+解析

　　Passage1

　　William Henry Perkin

　　合成染料的发明者

　　William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin's curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather's home that solidified the young man's enthusiasm for chemistry.

　　Wiliam Henry Perkin 于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候，Perkin 的好奇心就早早激发了他对艺术、科学、摄影与工程的兴趣。但是一次偶然的机会，他发现已故祖父家有一个破旧但功能齐全的实验室，正是这个发现使得这位年轻人确定了他对化学的热情。

　　As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

　　当 Perkin 就读于伦敦城市学院时，他开始沉浸于对化学的研究。他的老师 Thomas Hall 发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院科学家 Michael Faraday 的一系列讲座。Faraday 的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，于是后来，在1853 年，15岁的Perkin 成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

　　At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's attention and within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.

　　在Perkin 入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是的德国化学家 August Wilhelm Hofmann。 Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann 的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。不久之后，Perkin 就取得了一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

　　At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply.Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.

　　当时，奎宁是可以治疗疟疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的，而在1856 年奎宁经常供不应求。因此，当Hofmann 随口提到想用合成药物来替代奎宁时，自然而然，他的得意门生 Perkin 马上承担起了这项重任。

　　During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family's house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product.Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge.Luckily, Perkin's scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words 'chance favours only theprepared mind’. Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

　　1856年，Perkin整个假期都待在他家顶楼的实验室里。他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。虽然他尽了努力，他最终并没有制造出奎宁;但却制造出了一种神秘的黑色沉淀物。幸运的是，长期的科学训练与自身的天性使他对该沉淀物进行了深入的研究。在实验过程中的不同阶段，他把重铬酸钾和酒精加入苯胺中，最终他得到了一种深紫色的溶液。正如科学家 Louis Pasteur 所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin 意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

　　Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin's discovery was made.

　　历来，纺织染料都是由诸如植物与动物排泄物等的天然原料制成的，其中一些原料，比如蜗牛黏液，很难获得，而且价格极其昂贵。事实上，从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色染料曾经一度贵，在当时的社会条件下，只有富人才能买得起。此外，天然染料的颜色偏浑浊而且很快就会褪色。Perkin 的发明正是在这种大背景下诞生的。

　　Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world's firstsynthetic dye. Realising the importance of thisbreakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps (he most fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.

　　Perkin很快想到这种紫色溶液可以用到织物的染色中，由此使其成为世界上种合成染料。意识到这项突破的重要性后，Perkin立即为其申请专利。但是在Perkin 对自己发明的各种反应中，最有趣的也许是他几乎本能地想到这种新染料具有商业潜力。

　　Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of hismentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.

　　起初Perkin把他发明的染料命名为泰尔紫(Tyrian Purple)，但是后来人们通常称其为木槿紫(mauve，法语中制造蓝紫色染料的植物的名字)。Perkin 向苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar 寻求建议，Pullar 向他保证，如果这种颜色不会褪色，那么加工这种染料将大有“钱途”，而且成本相对低廉。因此，尽管他的导师Hofmann 极力反对，Perkin 还是离开了皇家学院，去为现代化学工业的诞生而奋斗了。

　　With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London's gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.

　　在父亲与兄弟的帮助下，Perkin 在离伦敦不远的地方建立了一家工厂。1857年，他的染料坊开始生产世界上种合成染料，所用原料是廉价而充足的煤焦油，这种煤焦油是伦敦煤气路灯所产生的几乎无穷无尽的副产品。当法国皇后Eugenie看好这种新颜色后，Perkin的染料坊迎来了它的商业繁荣期。不久，木槿紫 就成了法国所有时尚女郎的必备品。英国女王Victoria 也不甘示弱，身着木槿紫礼服出现在公共场合，这使得木槿紫在英国也风靡一时。这种染料颜色醒目、不易褪色，人们的需求越来越多，因此Perkin 开始绘制新的蓝图。

　　Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research.Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's green. It is important to note that Perkin'ssynthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to slain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis,cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play acrucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.

　　虽然项发现使Perkin 收获了名誉和财富，但是这位化学家仍然继续他的研究工作。他合成并给人们带来了其他颜色的染料，包括1859年合成的苯胺红、1863年合成的苯胺黑，以及19世纪60年代末期的帕金绿。值得注意的是，Perkin 的合成染料的发明不仅为装饰领域作出了贡献，而且在医学研究的诸多方面也起到了至关重要的作用。比如合成染料预先被用于给肉眼看不见的微生物与细菌上色，这就使研究者能够辨别诸如肺结核、霍乱和炭疽之类的病菌。如今，人工合成染料还在继续发挥着至关重要的作用。而且，最应该让Perkin 感到欣慰的是，合成染料目前正在被用于研究治疗疟疾的疫苗。

　　Question 1

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：Michael Faraday the first person

　　定位原文: 第 2 段第 2 句“His talent and devotion…” 他的老师 Thomas Hall 发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院科学家 Michael Faraday 的一系列讲座。

　　解题思路: 从这句话很容易看出，Thomas Hall 是文中提到的个发现 Perkin 化学天赋的人，尽管文中没有用到 the first person 这样的确切说法，但是看完第二段就不难发现，这点的确是对的。因此，题中的说法与文中的事实相反。

　　Question 2

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：Michael Faraday, Royal College of Chemistry，suggested

　　定位原文：第 2 段第 3 句“Those speeches fired…” Faraday 的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，在 1853 年，15 岁的 Perkin 成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

　　解题思路：这句话仅仅告诉我们，Perkin 是在听了 Faraday 的讲座后，对化学的激情更加澎湃，进而考上了皇家化学学院，而并没有提到 Faraday 与 Perkin 进行直接接触或沟通，所以题目是对文章中出现的人和事的过分解读。

　　Question 3

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：employed, assistant，August Wilhelm Hofmann

　　定位原文：第 3 段第 1、2 句“At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the…” 在 Perkin 入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是的德国化学家 August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin 的科学天赋很快引起了 Hofmann 的注意，不到两年他就成了 Hofmann 最年轻的助理。

　　解题思路：从这两句话中可以清晰地看出 Perkin 和 Hofmann 之间的关系，前者是后者最年轻的助理， 题目的说法和文中的陈述是直接抵触的。

　　Question 4

　　答案： TRUE

　　关键词：rich and famous，still young

　　定位原文：第 3 段最后一句“Not long after that, Perkin made…” 在这之后不久，Perkin 就取得一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

　　解题思路：这里的“不久之后”，指的是 Perkin 成为 Hofmann 最年轻的助手之后，而成为助手是 Perkin 入学两年后的事情，第二段最后专门提到 Perkin 入学时只有 15 岁，所以可以推测出 Perkin 作出这项发现时也就十八九岁。经过这样的推断可知，题目的说法完全可以成立。

　　Question 5

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：only，quinine, South America

　　定位原文：第 4 段第 1 句“At the time，quinine…” 当时，奎宁是可以治疗症疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的……

　　解题思路：如果误把句中的 only 和第二句话结合，就很容易得出和题目一样的错误结论。 其实出题人的意图是说，当时只有奎宁可以治疗疟疾;而奎宁是从金鸡纳树的树皮里提炼出来的，金鸡纳树原产自南美洲。注意，这里出题人并没有说金鸡纳树只有南美洲才有。文中的说法不足以让考生得出如题目“出产奎宁的树木只能生长在南美洲”那样的结论。

　　Question 6

　　答案: TRUE

　　关键词: a coal tar waste product，hoped to manufacture

　　定位原文: 第 5 段第 2 句 “He was attempting to … ”他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。解题思路：这句话很清晰地表明，Perkin 的确希望用煤焦油废料产品苯胺来制造一种药物 ——奎宁。 此题难度很低，连动词 manufacture 都没有进行任何替换。

　　Question 7

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：Louis Pasteur，was inspired by

　　定位原文：第 5 段最后一句“And, proving the truth of…” 正如科学家 Louis Pasteur 所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin 意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

　　解题思路：出题人在这里引用 Louis Pasteur 的名言来证明 Perkin 的成功绝非偶然，是他不断发现、不断试验的结果，但并没有提到 Perkin 是受 Louis Pasteur 的发明激发才有了自己的发明。本题和第 2 题在出题方式上有异曲同工之妙，都是让 Perkin 和名人扯上了关系，而实际上这种关系文中并没有提到。

　　Question 8

　　答案: the rich

　　关键词: the colour purple

　　定位原文: 第 6 段第 3 句“Indeed, the purple colour…”

　　解题思路: The rich 正好可以对应题目中 what group in society,并且没有超过只能填两个字的字数限制，故答案应为 the rich。

　　Question 9

　　答案: commercial possibilities

　　关键词: new dye 定位原文: 第 7 段最后一句 “But perhaps the most fascinating…”

　　解题思路：寻找题干中的关键字 new dye, 绕过沿途 synthetic dye 的陷阱，很快就能找到定位句，锁定答案是 new dye 的宾语 commercial possibilities。

　　Question 10

　　答案: mauve

　　关键词：name, finally, first colour

　　定位原文：第 8 段第 1 句“Perkin originally named his dye…”

　　解题思路: 在此题中，考生需要注意题干中的关键副词 finally, 此题指的是 Perkin 的颜色最终被叫做什么，而不是起初被叫做什么。题干中的 be referred to as 是雅思阅读中经常出现的用法，等同于 be known as / be named as / be defined as, 意为 “被称为…”答案是 mauve。

　　Question 11

　　答案: Robert Pullar

　　关键词: the name of the person, consulted, before setting up

　　定位原文: 第 8 段的第 2 句“He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar,...”

　　解题思路: 本段提到 Perkin 在建立工厂之前，曾经征询苏格兰染料坊的老板 Robert Pullar 的意见，在得到 Robert Pullar 的建议之后，才开始建立自己的工厂。这里不要将 Robert Pullar 和 Hofmann 混淆，因为本段后半部分也提到了 Perkin 的恩师 Hofmann。Hofmann 是强烈反对 Perkin 这么做的。故本题答案是 Robert Pullar。

　　Question 12

　　答案：France

　　关键词：what country, first

　　定位原文：第 9 段第 2、3 句“Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal…”

　　解题思路：此句话明确指出在 Perkin 的工厂首度造出了支人工合成材料后， 法国皇后 Eugenie 十分喜爱这种新颜色，于是 Perkin 的染料坊进入了它的商业繁荣期。故答案是 France。

　　Question 13

　　答案：malaria

　　关键词：disease, now, synthetic dyes

　　定位原文：第 10 段最后一句“And, in what would have been…”

　　解题思路：寻找关键词 synthetic dye时，可能会被microbes, bacteria, tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax 所迷惑。但是要注意的是都没有出现时间状语 now。再继续向下寻找，就会发现 today, current 等字眼，这说明这里才是真正的考点所在。仔细读这个句子不难发现， malaria(疟疾)才是正确答案。