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剑桥雅思9阅读:Test2雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

剑桥雅思9阅读:Test2雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

发布时间:2021-05-14 关键词: 剑桥雅思9阅读
摘要: 剑桥雅思9阅读:Test2雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

  Passage3

  A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently

  神经科学家解密创新思考

  In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic environment that demandsinnovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclasticone. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can't be done.

  在过去十年里,科学家对大脑的认识方式发生了一场变革。现在我们知道人们所做的决定源自大脑特定部分的神经元的放电模式。这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现,神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀,而这就需要创新,需要不走竞争者走过的寻常路。能做到这些的人可以谓之传统叛逆者。简而言之,传统叛逆者做的是别人认为不可为而他却能有所作为的事情。

  This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.

  该定义说明传统叛逆者与众不同,更确切地说,是他们的大脑异于常人,表现在以下三个方面:认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。这三个功能在大脑中各有一条不同的回路。反对者可能会认为大脑与此无关,他们觉得原创性及革命性的思维方式与其说是大脑的功能,还不如说是一种个性的体现。但是,神经经济学的诞生正是基于这样一个新的发现,那就是大脑的生理功能实际上会制约我们的判断力。通过理解这些制约条件,我们就会明白为什么有些人爱唱反调。

  The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves,perception is a product of the brain.

  首先要明白的一点是,大脑受制于有限的资源。它有固定的能量预算值,相当于一个 40 瓦灯泡的能量,因此大脑就进化出了一种尽可能的工作方式,这也就是大多数人之所以不爱唱反调的原因。比如,面对眼前源源不断输入的信息时,大脑会尽可能以最便捷的方式解读这些信息。为此,大脑会借鉴过往经验以及其他任何信息来源,比如別人所说的话,来解读眼睛所看到的信息。这种过程无处不在。大脑如此善于走捷径以至于我们对此毫不知情。我们以为我们对世界的感知是真实的,但其实这种感知只不过是 身体和电流对我们撒的小谎。认知不只是我们的眼睛与耳朵传给大脑的信息。认知是大脑的产物,而不只是物理现实中光子或声波的产物。

  Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average personas brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around theperceptual shortcuts that plague most people.Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses.Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple Interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly forpotential iconoclasts, what other people say.

  认知是反传统论的核心。传统叛逆者与别人看问题的方法大相径庭,他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易掉进思维的陷阱。要么天生如此,要么后天习得,总之传统叛逆者总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径。认知不是天生的。认知是个学习过程,是个既让人受尽折磨的毒咒,又让人洗心革面的良机。大脑面临着一个基本问题,那就是如何解读从感官传来的物理刺激。大脑所见、所闻、所感,皆可以有多重解读,而最终获选的解释只不过是大脑自认为的最 佳理论。从技术层次而言,这些解读是有统计学依据的,因为统计学数据说明一种解释优于另一种解释,与此同时,这些解读又受过往经验以及他人观点的严重影响,最后这点对于潜在的传统叛逆者来讲尤为致命。

  The best way to see things differently to other people is tobombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that theyembrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.

  要想思维方式与众不同,最 佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。新鲜事物使认知过程摆脱了过往经历的束缚,同时强迫大脑作出新的判断。成功的传统叛逆者乐意接受新鲜事物。观察表明,传统叛逆者对新鲜事物持欣然接受的态度,而大多数普通人则唯恐避之不及。

  The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a majorimpediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public r/d/cu/e.These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.

  然而,新鲜事物的缺点是它会触发大脑的恐惧系统。恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍,它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。恐惧有种,但是有两种恐惧阻止了创新思维,而且让大多数人颇感棘手,那就是对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。这两种恐惧看似都无关紧要,但是,对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲,所以这种恐惧太常见了,很难被视为一种精神疾病。这往往被看做一种精神障碍。它只不过是人性反复无常的一种体现而已,传统 叛逆者们带着这种恐惧也会在众人面前发表观点。

  Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas.Perception is important in social cognition too. Theperception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal.Understanding how perceptionbecomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.

  最后一点,想要成功变成传统叛逆者,必须把自己的想法推销给别人,这就该社交能力登场了。社交能力是在商业环境中了解与管理人的能力。在过去的十年里,人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进,对这种 大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。神经科学已经揭示出是哪些大脑回路在帮我们洞悉他人想法、与他人产生共鸣、做到公平公正以及辨别社会身份。在说服别人采纳己见方面,这些大脑回路可谓功不可没。感知在社会认知中也举足轻重。对一个人的热情或名誉的认知是生意成功与否的关键。若能了解认知与社会决策千丝万缕的联系,便能明白为何成功的传统叛逆者稀世难求。

  Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

  传统叛逆者纵横艺术舞台、技术尖 端及商业高峰,在每个领域都创造崭新机会,他们贡献出的创造力和革命力,一队人也望尘莫及。他们视规则如草芥。虽然时常被人疏远并且遭遇失败,可他们仍然是团队顶梁柱。无论在任何领域,若想成功,必先了解传统叛逆者大脑工作的奥秘。

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  Question 27

  答案:C

  关键词:Neuroeconomics

  定位原文:第 1 段内容

  解题思路:题目:神经经济学作为一个研究领域,旨在:A.改变科学家对脑化学的解读; B.了解大脑如何做出正确决定;C.了解在激烈的竞争中大脑与成功的关系;D.追踪大脑不同部分中神经元的具体放电模式。利用定位词可以将此题定位至文章第 一段的第三句,然后和四个选项进行比较。句中的 success 可以对应题中的 achievement,competitors 可以对应题中的 competitive。句中 which 弓|导的非限制性定语从句对先行词 neuroeconomics 起了解释说明的作用。故答案应该选择 C。选项 D 在第 一段虽然被提及,但并非是神经经济学研究目的之所在,故排除。选项 B 根本未被提及,也可以排除。选项 A 貌似有道理,但实际上是对第 一段某些词语的过度解读。

  Question 28

  答案:B

  关键词:iconoclasts, distinctive

  定位原文:第 2 段内容

  解题思路:作者认为传统叛逆者与众不同是因为:A 他们的大脑回路与众不同;B 他们的大脑功能与众不同;C 他们的性格与众不同;D 他们能很快做出决定。此题定位点在文章第二段第 一句,这句话明确说明传统叛逆者之所以与众不同,主要是因为他们的大脑在三方面与众不同:认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。由此可知选项 B 正确。A 和 B 相比,过于具体,仅仅将与众不同理解为回路不同,与文中说的三方面不同相悖,故可以排除。选项 D 的 解释过于简单,可以直接排除。至于选项 C 中出现的 personalities 一词则出现在第二段的倒数第四行,此信息已经于本题无关。

  Question 29

  答案:D

  关键词:brain, efficiently

  定位原文:第 3 段内容

  解题思路:题目:作者认为大脑可以工作,这是因为:A.大脑迅速利用眼睛;B.大脑对信息的解读逻辑性强;C.大脑产生能量,自给自足;D.大脑依赖过往事件。根据定位词 efficiently 可以将此题定位至文章中第三段第二句,然后根据该段内容对各个选项进行判断。首先可以排除选项 A,这一段只是提到面对眼前源源不断输入的信息,大脑会解读,而不是说大脑利用眼睛干什么。选项 B 中提到的逻辑,文中也并未涉及。而选项 C 说大脑可以自己给自己提供能源,是对第二句中 It has a fixed energy budget 的误读。这样排除掉前三个选项之后,正确答案应该就是选项 D。

  Question 30

  答案:C

  关键词:perception

  定位原文:第 3 段和第 4 段

  解题思路:题目:作者认为认知是:A.光子与声波的结合;B.感官信号的可靠产物;C.大脑处理的结果;D.一个我们通常能意识到的过程。这道题目横跨的篇幅比较长,文中对应点在第三段和第四段。首先,在第三段倒数第二行 Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain.从这句话就可以知道,选项 B 是不对的;接着,利用最后一句话 More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain.可以排除选项 A,同时引出选项 C 有可能正确。最后在第四段第四行后半 句中提到 Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process...正好能够和选项 C 中的 a result of brain processes 对应。

  Question 31

  答案:B

  关键词:iconoclastic thinker

  定位原文:第 4 段内容

  解题思路:题目:作者认为传统叛逆者 A.将认知思考集中于大脑一个区域;B.会避开认知陷阱;C.拥有天生就适合学习的大脑;D.会拥有比常人机会。此题定位在第四段。该段第二句和第三句提到 Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. 这句话实际上对应的就是选项 B。但是有粗心的话会因为 average person 这个词组选择 D。选项 D 不仅不正确,反而可以根据其中不存在的比较关系直接排除。选项 A 中的 central—词,估计是发源于第四段第 一句话 Perception is central to iconoclasm.应该直接被排除掉。至于选项 C 中出现的 hardwired, 在第四段第四行中 Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. 就已经被否定了。

  Question 32

  答案:YES

  关键词:brain, think differently, exposure, forces

  定位原文:第 5 段第 1 句“The best way to see…” 要想思维方式与众不同,最 佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。

  解题思路:这道题目实际上需要利用上一大题来确定其大位置是在第五段,在确定大致位置之后,再用定位词确定该题的确切位置是在第 一句。Bombard 一词是“轰炸”的意思,此处有强迫大脑接收信息的含义,对应题目中的 forces; 以对应题目中的 exposure。

  Question 33

  答案:YES

  关键词:Iconoclasts, new experiences, unusually receptive

  定位原文:第 5 段第 3 句“Successful iconoclasts have…” 成功的传统叛逆者乐意接受新鲜事物。

  解题思路:文中的 have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to 与题目中的 are unusually receptive to 相对应,what is fresh and different 与题目中的 new experiences 相对应。

  Question 34

  答案:NOT GIVEN

  关键词:shy

  定位原文:第 6 段内容

  解题思路:只在第六段中提到阻止人们创新思维的是两种恐惧:对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧,接着上一题的定位句往下找,无法找到题干中所叙述的 shy 这个概念,而且全文也没有提及。

  Question 35

  答案:NO

  关键词:overcome fear

  定位原文:第 6 段第 2 句“Fear is a major impediment…” 恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍,它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。

  解题思路:此题出题思路有点绕,对应句的意思是说恐惧阻止了普通人像传统叛逆者那样进行思 考。而且整个第六段都是在讲恐惧,尤其是对公开演讲的恐惧,是如此常见,甚至被认为是人性之一,显然,传统叛逆者也对公开演讲有恐惧,只是他们不会让这种恐惧在公开 演讲时对自己产生阻碍。并不是像本题所叙述那样,传统叛逆者可以克服恐惧。

  Question 36

  答案:NOT GIVEN

  关键词:embarrassment, fears

  定位原文:无

  解题思路:此题也是一道完全没有提及型的 NOT GIVEN 题。即便按照顺序原则顺着上一题向下找,但是直到找到第 37 题的考点,也没有出现 embarrassment 一词 。

  Question 37

  答案:NO

  关键词:public speaking, psychological illness

  定位原文:第 6 段第 5 句“But fear of public speaking,…” 但是,对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲,所以这种恐惧太常见了,很难被视作一种精神疾病。

  解题思路:这句话明确指出,对于公开演讲的恐惧由于涉及人群广、十分常见,所以很难被视作一种精神疾病。这就和题干的陈述直接突。在这里要能够理解 too...to..“. 太…… 以至于不能……”这个结构。

  Question 38

  答案:A

  关键词:successful iconoclast

  定位原文:第 7 段第 1 句“Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals…”

  解题思路:可以看出要成为 successful iconoclasts,social intelligence 必不可少。段末最后一句话 Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.表明如果要成为成功的传统叛逆者,就必须知道认知和社会决策之间千丝万缕的联系。所以总结一下,a successful iconoclast 既需要 social intelligence,也需要 perception。 故此题应选 A。

  Question 39

  答案:B

  关键词:social brain

  定位原文:第 7 段第 4 句“In the last decade there has been…”

  解题思路:该句含义为“在过去的十年里,人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进,对这种大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。”这句话提到的 groups coordinate decision making,正好与选项 B 当中提到的 how groups decide on an action 相对应。故此题应选 B。

  Question 40

  答案:C

  关键词:an asset

  定位原文:第 8 段内容

  解题思路:第八段整个一段都是对 iconoclasts 的评价。在第 一句中就提到了 iconoclasts 是跨领域的人才,纵横艺术、技术、商业领域。正是他们的创造力和革新能力使得他们成为 a major asset to any organization。只有选项 C 中提到 in many fields, both artistic and scientific。故此题应选 C。